Iparameter ezininzi isigulana isixhobo sokubona (ukuhlelwa kweemonitha) zinokubonelela ngolwazi lwezonyango oluvela ngqo kunye neentlobo ngeentloboiimpawu ezibalulekileyo iiparameter zokujonga izigulane kunye nokuhlangula izigulane. Angokusetyenziswa kweemonitha ezibhedlele, wNdifundile ukubaeIcandelo ngalinye lezonyango alinakusebenzisa imonitha ukuze lisetyenziswe ngokukodwa. Ngokukodwa, umqhubi omtsha akazi nto ingako ngemonitha, nto leyo ebangela iingxaki ezininzi ekusebenziseni imonitha, kwaye akanakukwazi ukudlala ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wesixhobo.Yonker izabeloiukusetyenziswa kunye nomgaqo wokusebenzaiparameter ezininzi isixhobo sokubona wonke umntu.
Isixhobo sokujonga isigulane sinokubona izinto ezibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyoiimpawu iiparameters zezigulane ngexesha langempela, ngokuqhubekayo nangexesha elide, nto leyo enexabiso elibalulekileyo leklinikhi. Kodwa nokusetyenziswa okuphathekayo okufakwe kwizithuthi, kuphucula kakhulu ukusetyenziswa rhoqo. Okwangoku,iparameter ezininzi Ukujonga isigulane kuqhelekile, kwaye imisebenzi yaso ephambili ibandakanya i-ECG, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ubushushu, ukuphefumla,I-SpO2, I-ETCO2, IBP, imveliso yentliziyo, njl.
1. Ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwesikrini
Imonitha idla ngokwenziwa yimodyuli ebonakalayo equlethe iisensa ezahlukeneyo kunye nenkqubo yekhompyutha eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Zonke iintlobo zezibonakaliso zefiziyoloji ziguqulwa zibe ziimpawu zombane ziisensa, emva koko zithunyelwa kwikhompyutha ukuze ziboniswe, zigcinwe kwaye zilawulwe emva kokwandiswa kwangaphambili. Imonitha ebanzi yeeparameter ezininzi inokujonga i-ECG, ukuphefumla, ubushushu, uxinzelelo lwegazi,I-SpO2 kunye nezinye iiparameter ngaxeshanye.
Isixhobo sokujonga isigulane esisetyenziswa kwimodyulingokubanzi zisetyenziswa kunyango olunzulu. Zenziwe ngeemodyuli zeparameter ze-physiological ezisuswayo kunye nee-monitor hosts ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zinokwenziwa ngeemodyuli ezahlukeneyo ngokweemfuno ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhethekileyo.
2. The ukusetyenziswa kunye nomgaqo wokusebenzaiparameter ezininzi isixhobo sokubona
(1) Ukhathalelo lokuphefumla
Uninzi lwemilinganiselo yokuphefumlaiparameter ezininziisixhobo sokujonga isigulaneSebenzisa indlela yokuthintela isifuba. Ukushukuma kwesifuba somzimba womntu kwinkqubo yokuphefumla kubangela utshintsho ekuxhathiseni komzimba, oluyi-0.1 ω ~ 3 ω, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-respiratory impedance.
Isikrini sihlala sibona imiqondiso yotshintsho kwi-impedance yokuphefumla kwi-electrode efanayo ngokufaka umsinga okhuselekileyo we-0.5 ukuya kwi-5mA kwi-sinusoidal carrier frequency ye-10 ukuya kwi-100kHz ngokusebenzisa ii-electrode ezimbini ze I-ECG i-lead. Uhlobo lwe-dynamic wave lokuphefumla lunokuchazwa ngokwahluka kwe-respiral impedance, kwaye iiparameter zesantya sokuphefumla zinokukhutshwa.
Intshukumo yesifuba kunye nentshukumo yomzimba engaphefumliyo iya kubangela utshintsho ekuxhathiseni komzimba. Xa imvamisa yotshintsho olunjalo ifana nebhendi yemvamisa ye-amplifier yetshaneli yokuphefumla, kunzima kwimonitha ukumisela ukuba loluphi uphawu oluqhelekileyo lokuphefumla kwaye loluphi uphawu lokuphazamiseka kwentshukumo. Ngenxa yoko, imilinganiselo yesantya sokuphefumla isenokungachaneki xa isigulane sineentshukumo zomzimba ezinzima neziqhubekayo.
(2) Ukubeka esweni uxinzelelo lwegazi olungena egazini (IBP)
Kwezinye iinkqubo ezinzima, ukujonga uxinzelelo lwegazi ngexesha langempela kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yokujonga uxinzelelo lwegazi ukuze kufezekiswe oko. Umgaqo ngulo: okokuqala, i-catheter ifakwa kwimithambo yegazi yendawo elinganisiweyo ngokubhoboza. Isango langaphandle le-catheter liqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo ne-sensor yoxinzelelo, kwaye i-saline eqhelekileyo ifakwa kwi-catheter.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi wokudlulisa uxinzelelo lolwelo, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kwemithambo yegazi luya kudluliselwa kwi-sensor yoxinzelelo lwangaphandle ngolwelo olukwi-catheter. Ngaloo ndlela, i-dynamic waveform yotshintsho loxinzelelo kwimithambo yegazi inokufumaneka. Uxinzelelo lwe-Systolic, uxinzelelo lwe-diastolic kunye noxinzelelo oluphakathi lunokufumaneka ngeendlela ezithile zokubala.
Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwegazi ngendlela engafanelekanga: ekuqaleni kokujonga, isixhobo kufuneka silungiswe sibe yi-zero ekuqaleni; Ngexesha lenkqubo yokujonga, isenzi soxinzelelo kufuneka sihlale sikwinqanaba elifanayo nentliziyo. Ukuthintela ukujiya kwe-catheter, i-catheter kufuneka ihlanjwe ngokujova rhoqo nge-heparin saline, enokuhamba okanye iphume ngenxa yokunyakaza. Ke ngoko, i-catheter kufuneka iqine kwaye ihlolwe ngononophelo, kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe uhlengahlengiso ukuba kuyimfuneko.
(3) Ukubeka iliso kubushushu
I-Thermistor ene-negative temperature coefficient isetyenziswa njenge-temperature sensor xa kulinganiswa ubushushu be-monitor. Ii-General monitors zibonelela ngobushushu bomzimba obunye, kwaye izixhobo eziphezulu zibonelela ngobushushu bomzimba obubini. Iindidi ze-body temperature probe nazo zahlulwe zaba yi-body surface probe kunye ne-body cavity probe, ngokulandelelana ezisetyenziselwa ukujonga ubushushu bomphezulu womzimba kunye ne-cavity.
Xa elinganisa, umqhubi angabeka i-tempyutha yobushushu kuyo nayiphi na indawo yomzimba wesigulane ngokweemfuno zakhe. Ngenxa yokuba iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba womntu zinamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, ubushushu obulinganiswa yimonitha buxabiso lobushushu lenxalenye yomzimba wesigulane lokubeka i-probe, elinokwahluka kwixabiso lobushushu lomlomo okanye ekhwapheni.
WXa kuthathwa umlinganiselo wobushushu, kukho ingxaki yokulinganisela ubushushu phakathi kwenxalenye elinganisiweyo yomzimba wesigulane kunye nesensor ekwiprobe, oko kukuthi, xa iprobe ibekwa okokuqala, kuba isensor ayikalingani ngokupheleleyo nobushushu bomzimba womntu. Ke ngoko, ubushushu obuboniswayo ngeli xesha abungobushushu bokwenyani bomnyango, kwaye kufuneka bufikelelwe emva kwexesha elithile ukuze bufikelele kumlinganiselo wobushushu ngaphambi kokuba ubushushu bokwenyani bubonakale ngokwenene. Kwakhona lumka ukugcina unxibelelwano oluthembekileyo phakathi kwesensor kunye nomphezulu womzimba. Ukuba kukho umsantsa phakathi kwesensor nolusu, ixabiso lokulinganisa linokuba liphantsi.
(4) Ukubeka esweni i-ECG
Umsebenzi we-electrochemical "weeseli ezivuselelayo" kwi-myocardium ubangela ukuba i-myocardium ivuselelwe ngombane. Ibangela ukuba intliziyo ifinyele ngoomatshini. Umsinga ovaliweyo kunye nesenzo oveliswa yile nkqubo yokuvuselela intliziyo uhamba nge-body volume conductor kwaye usasazeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho kumahluko wangoku phakathi kwamalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba womntu.
I-Electrocardiogram (ECG) kukurekhoda umahluko onokubakho kumphezulu womzimba ngexesha langempela, kwaye ingcamango yelead ibhekisa kwipatheni yemo yamaza yomahluko onokubakho phakathi kwamalungu amabini okanye ngaphezulu omzimba womzimba womntu ngotshintsho lomjikelo wentliziyo. Iilead zokuqala ezichazwe njenge-Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ zibizwa ngokwezonyango ngokuba ziileads ze-bipolar standard limb.
Kamva, kwachazwa iilead ze-unipolar limb ezixinzelelweyo, i-aVR, i-aVL, i-aVF kunye neelead zesifuba ezingena-electrode V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, eziyi-leads eziqhelekileyo ze-ECG ezisetyenziswa ngoku kwizonyango. Ngenxa yokuba intliziyo i-stereoscopic, i-lead waveform imele umsebenzi wombane kumphezulu omnye wentliziyo. Ezi leads zili-12 ziya kubonisa umsebenzi wombane kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentliziyo ezivela kumacala ali-12, kwaye izilonda kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentliziyo zinokuchongwa ngokupheleleyo.
Okwangoku, umatshini oqhelekileyo we-ECG osetyenziswa kwiklinikhi ulinganisa i-ECG waveform, kwaye ii-electrode zamalungu awo zibekwe esihlahleni nasemaqakaleni, ngelixa ii-electrode ezikwi-ECG monitoring zibekwe ngokulinganayo kwindawo yesifuba nesisu sesigulana, nangona indawo yokubeka yahlukile, ziyafana, kwaye inkcazo yazo iyafana. Ke ngoko, ukuhanjiswa kwe-ECG kwimonitha kuhambelana ne-lead kumatshini we-ECG, kwaye zine-polarity kunye ne-waveform efanayo.
Iimonitha ngokubanzi zinokujonga iileyitha ezi-3 okanye ezi-6, zinokubonisa ngaxeshanye imo ye-waveform yenye okanye zombini iileyitha kwaye zikhuphe iiparameter zesantya sentliziyo ngohlalutyo lwemo ye-waveform.. PIimonitha ezinamandla zinokujonga iilead ezili-12, kwaye zinokuhlalutya ngakumbi i-waveform ukuze zikhuphe ii-ST segments kunye neziganeko ze-arrhythmia.
Okwangoku, iI-ECGi-waveform yokujonga, ubuchule bayo bokuxilonga ulwakhiwo oluncinci abunamandla kakhulu, kuba injongo yokujonga ikakhulu kukujonga isigqi sentliziyo yesigulana ixesha elide nangexesha langempela.. KodwaiI-ECGIziphumo zovavanyo lomatshini zilinganiswa ngexesha elifutshane phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ke ngoko, ububanzi bebhendi ye-amplifier yezixhobo ezimbini abufani. Ibhendi yomatshini we-ECG yi-0.05 ~ 80Hz, ngelixa ibhendi yomatshini we-monitor ngokubanzi yi-1 ~ 25Hz. Isignali ye-ECG sisignali esibuthathaka, esichaphazeleka lula kukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, kwaye ezinye iintlobo zokuphazamiseka kunzima kakhulu ukuzoyisa ezifana nezi:
(a) Ukuphazamiseka kwentshukumo. Iintshukumo zomzimba zesigulana ziya kubangela utshintsho kwimiqondiso yombane entliziyweni. Ubungakanani kunye nokuphindaphinda kwale ntshukumo, ukuba ingaphakathiI-ECGI-bandwidth ye-amplifier, isixhobo kunzima ukusoyisa.
(b)Mukuphazamiseka kwe-yoelectric. Xa izihlunu eziphantsi kwe-electrode ye-ECG zincamathiselwe, kuveliswa isignali yokuphazamiseka kwe-EMG, kwaye isignali ye-EMG iphazamisa isignali ye-ECG, kwaye isignali yokuphazamiseka kwe-EMG ine-bandwidth efanayo ye-spectral njengesignali ye-ECG, ngoko ke ayinakususwa nje ngesihluzi.
(c) Ukuphazamiseka kwemela yombane ephindaphindayo. Xa kusetyenziswa i-electrocution okanye i-electrocution ephindaphindayo ngexesha lotyando, ubukhulu besignali yombane eveliswa ngamandla ombane ongezelelweyo emzimbeni womntu bukhulu kakhulu kunobo besignali ye-ECG, kwaye icandelo le-frequency lityebile kakhulu, kangangokuba i-amplifier ye-ECG ifikelela kwimeko egcweleyo, kwaye i-ECG waveform ayinakubonwa. Phantse zonke iimonitha zangoku azinamandla okuchasana nokuphazamiseka okunjalo. Ke ngoko, inxalenye ye-monitor anti-high frequency electric knife interference ifuna kuphela i-monitor ukuba ibuyele kwimeko eqhelekileyo kwimizuzwana emi-5 emva kokuba i-high frequency electric knife irhoxisiwe.
(d) Ukuphazamiseka koqhagamshelwano lwe-electrode. Nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yomqondiso wombane ukusuka emzimbeni womntu ukuya kwi-amplifier ye-ECG kuya kubangela ingxolo enamandla enokufihla uphawu lwe-ECG, oludla ngokubangelwa kukungadibani kakuhle kwee-electrode nolusu. Ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka okunjalo koyiswa ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa iindlela, umsebenzisi kufuneka ajonge ngononophelo indawo nganye ngalo lonke ixesha, kwaye isixhobo kufuneka sisekelwe ngokuqinileyo, nto leyo engeyonto ilungileyo kuphela ekulweni nokuphazamiseka, kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi, ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwezigulane kunye nabaqhubi.
5. Ayihlaseliisixhobo sokujonga uxinzelelo lwegazi
Uxinzelelo lwegazi lubhekisa kuxinzelelo lwegazi eludongeni lwemithambo yegazi. Kwinkqubo nganye yokuxinana nokuphumla kwentliziyo, uxinzelelo lokuhamba kwegazi eludongeni lwemithambo yegazi nalo luyatshintsha, kwaye uxinzelelo lwemithambo yegazi yemithambo yegazi kunye nemithambo yegazi yemithambo yegazi lwahlukile, kwaye uxinzelelo lwemithambo yegazi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo nalo lwahlukile. Ngokwezonyango, amaxabiso oxinzelelo lwamaxesha e-systolic kunye ne-diastolic ahambelanayo kwimithambo yegazi ekuphakameni okufanayo nengalo ephezulu yomzimba womntu adla ngokusetyenziswa ukuchaza uxinzelelo lwegazi lomzimba womntu, olubizwa ngokuba luxinzelelo lwegazi lwe-systolic (okanye uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu) kunye noxinzelelo lwe-diastolic (okanye uxinzelelo oluphantsi), ngokwahlukeneyo.
Uxinzelelo lwegazi emzimbeni luphawu oluguquguqukayo lwe-physiological. Lunento yokwenza kakhulu nemeko yengqondo yomntu, imeko yeemvakalelo, kunye nendlela ami ngayo kunye nendawo yakhe ngexesha lokulinganisa, izinga lentliziyo liyanda, uxinzelelo lwegazi lwe-diastolic luyanyuka, izinga lentliziyo liyehla, kwaye uxinzelelo lwegazi lwe-diastolic luyehla. Njengoko inani leestroke entliziyweni lisanda, uxinzelelo lwegazi lwe-systolic luya kwanda. Kunokuthiwa uxinzelelo lwegazi lwe-arterial kumjikelo ngamnye wentliziyo aluyi kufana ngokupheleleyo.
Indlela yokungcangcazela yindlela entsha yokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwegazi olungenalo utyando eyaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yoo-70,kwayeUmgaqo kukusebenzisa i-cuff ukufutha ukuya kuxinzelelo oluthile xa imithambo yegazi ye-arterial icinezelwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ivale ukuhamba kwegazi kwi-arterial, kwaye emva koko ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-cuff, imithambo yegazi ye-arterial iya kubonisa inkqubo yotshintsho ukusuka ekuvalekeni ngokupheleleyo → ukuvulwa kancinci kancinci → ukuvulwa ngokupheleleyo.
Kule nkqubo, ekubeni i-pulse yodonga lwemithambo yegazi ye-arterial iza kuvelisa amaza okushukuma kwegesi kwigesi ekwi-cuff, le wave yokushukuma inokuhambelana okucacileyo noxinzelelo lwegazi lwe-arterial systolic, uxinzelelo lwe-diastolic kunye noxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-systolic, oluphakathi kunye nolwe-diastolic lwendawo elinganisiweyo lunokufunyanwa ngokulinganisa, ukurekhoda kunye nokuhlalutya amaza okushukuma koxinzelelo kwi-cuff ngexesha lenkqubo yokudamba.
Isiseko sendlela yokungcangcazela kukufumana ukubetha rhoqo koxinzelelo lwemithambo yegaziMnaKwinkqubo yokulinganisa yokwenyani, ngenxa yentshukumo yesigulana okanye ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle okuchaphazela utshintsho loxinzelelo kwi-cuff, isixhobo asiyi kukwazi ukubona ukuguquguquka rhoqo kwemithambo yegazi, ngoko ke kunokukhokelela ekusileleni kokulinganisa.
Okwangoku, ezinye iimonitha zisebenzise amanyathelo okulwa nokuphazamiseka, njengokusebenzisa indlela yokuhla kwezitebhisi, yisoftware ukumisela ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphazamiseka kunye namaza aqhelekileyo okushukuma kwemithambo yegazi, ukuze zibe nomlinganiselo othile wokukwazi ukulwa nokuphazamiseka. Kodwa ukuba ukuphazamiseka kukhulu kakhulu okanye kuhlala ixesha elide kakhulu, le ndlela yokulwa nokuphazamiseka ayinakwenza nto ngayo. Ke ngoko, kwinkqubo yokujonga uxinzelelo lwegazi olungenalo ukungenelela, kuyimfuneko ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho imeko elungileyo yovavanyo, kodwa kananjalo uqaphele ukukhetha ubungakanani be-cuff, indawo kunye nokuqina kwe-bundle.
6. Ukubeka esweni ukugcwala kweoksijini yemithambo (SpO2)
Ioksijini yinto efunekayo kwimisebenzi yobomi. Iimolekyuli zeoksijini ezisebenzayo egazini zithuthwa ziye kwiithishu emzimbeni wonke ngokuzibophelela kwi-hemoglobin (Hb) ukuze zenze i-hemoglobin eneoksijini (HbO2). Ipharamitha esetyenziselwa ukuchaza umlinganiselo we-hemoglobin eneoksijini egazini ibizwa ngokuba yi-oxygen saturation.
Ukulinganiswa komthamo weoksijini yemithambo engangenisi gazi kusekelwe kwiimpawu zokufunxa ze-hemoglobin kunye ne-hemoglobin eneoksijini egazini, ngokusebenzisa ubude obubini obahlukeneyo bokukhanya okubomvu (660nm) kunye nokukhanya kwe-infrared (940nm) ngokusebenzisa izicubu kwaye emva koko kuguqulwe kube ziimpawu zombane yi-photoelectric receiver, ngelixa kusetyenziswa nezinye izinto kwizicubu, ezinje: ulusu, ithambo, izihlunu, igazi lemithambo, njl. Isignali yokufunxa ayiguquki, kwaye kuphela isignali yokufunxa ye-HbO2 kunye ne-Hb kwimithambo etshintsha nge-pulse, efunyanwa ngokucubungula isignali efunyenweyo.
Kuyabonakala ukuba le ndlela inokulinganisa kuphela ukugcwala kweoksijini egazini kwimithambo yegazi, kwaye imeko efunekayo yokulinganisa kukuhamba kwegazi kwimithambo yegazi ebethayo. Ngokwezonyango, inzwa ifakwa kwiindawo zezicubu ezinokuhamba kwegazi kwimithambo yegazi kunye nobukhulu bezicubu obungagugi, njengeminwe, iinzwane, iindlebe kunye nezinye iindawo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho intshukumo enamandla kwinxalenye elinganisiweyo, iya kuchaphazela ukukhutshwa kwesi signali ye-pulsation eqhelekileyo kwaye ayinakulinganiswa.
Xa ukujikeleza kwegazi emzimbeni wesigulana kuphantsi kakhulu, kuya kukhokelela ekwehleni kokuhamba kwegazi kwimithambo yegazi kwindawo ekufuneka ilinganiswe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulinganisweni okungachanekanga. Xa ubushushu bomzimba kwindawo yokulinganisa yesigulana esiphulukene negazi kakhulu buphantsi, ukuba kukho ukukhanya okunamandla okukhanya kwiprobe, kunokwenza ukusebenza kwesixhobo sokwamkela i-photoelectric kuphambuke kuluhlu oluqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulinganisweni okungachanekanga. Ke ngoko, ukukhanya okunamandla kufuneka kuthintelwe xa kulinganiswa.
7. Ukubeka esweni i-carbon dioxide yokuphefumla (PetCO2)
I-carbon dioxide yokuphefumla sisalathisi esibalulekileyo sokujonga izigulane ezine-anesthesia kunye nezigulane ezinezifo zenkqubo yokuphefumla ye-metabolic. Ukulinganiswa kwe-CO2 kusetyenziswa kakhulu indlela yokufunxa i-infrared; Oko kukuthi, amazinga ahlukeneyo e-CO2 afunxa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhanya okuthile kwe-infrared. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zokujonga i-CO2: i-mainstream kunye ne-sidestream.
Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lubeka i-sensor yegesi ngqo kumjelo wegesi yokuphefumla yesigulane. Ukuguqulwa koxinzelelo lwe-CO2 kwigesi yokuphefumla kwenziwa ngqo, emva koko isignali yombane ithunyelwa kwi-monitor ukuze ihlalutywe kwaye icutshungulwe ukuze kufunyanwe iiparameter zePetCO2. I-sensor ye-optical flow esecaleni ifakwa kwi-monitor, kwaye isampuli yegesi yokuphefumla yesigulane ikhutshwa ngexesha langempela yityhubhu yesampuli yegesi kwaye ithunyelwe kwi-monitor ukuze kuhlalutywe uxinzelelo lwe-CO2.
Xa sijonga i-CO2, kufuneka siqwalasele ezi ngxaki zilandelayo: Ekubeni i-sensor ye-CO2 iyi-optical sensor, ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela ukuze kuthintelwe ungcoliseko olukhulu lwe-sensor olufana nokuphuma kwe-secretion yezigulane; Ii-Sidestream CO2 monitors zihlala zixhotyiswe nge-gas-water separator ukususa umswakama kwi-breathing gas. Soloko ujonga ukuba i-gas-water separator isebenza ngokufanelekileyo na; Ngaphandle koko, umswakama kwi-gas uya kuchaphazela ukuchaneka komlinganiselo.
Ukulinganiswa kweeparameter ezahlukeneyo kuneziphene ezithile ekunzima ukuzisombulula. Nangona ezi monitors zinobukrelekrele obuphezulu, azinakuthatha indawo yabantu ngokupheleleyo okwangoku, kwaye kusafuneka abaqhubi ukuze bahlalutye, bagwebe kwaye bajongane nabo ngokuchanekileyo. Umsebenzi kufuneka ulumke, kwaye iziphumo zokulinganisa kufuneka zigwetywe ngokuchanekileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-10-2022
