Iinkqubo ze-Ultrasound – Ukubona Okungabonakaliyo Ngamaza Esandi

Itekhnoloji yanamhlanje ye-ultrasound iguqule imifanekiso yezonyango ukusuka kwimifanekiso ye-anatomical engashukumiyo ukuya kuvavanyo olusebenzayo oluguquguqukayo, konke oku ngaphandle kwemitha ye-ionizing. Eli nqaku liphonononga ifiziksi, ukusetyenziswa kweklinikhi, kunye nophuhliso oluphambili kwi-ultrasound yokuxilonga.

Imigaqo Yomzimba
I-ultrasound yezonyango isebenza kwiifrikhwensi ze-2-18MHz. Isiphumo se-piezoelectric siguqula amandla ombane abe ziintshukumo zoomatshini kwi-transducer. I-Time-gain compensation (TGC) ilungelelanisa ukuncitshiswa okuxhomekeke kubunzulu (0.5-1 dB/cm/MHz). Isisombululo se-axial sixhomekeke kubude be-wavelength (λ = c/f), ngelixa isisombululo secala sinxulumene nobubanzi be-beam.

Ixesha leMvelaphi

• 1942: Isicelo sokuqala sikaKarl Dussik kwezonyango (umfanekiso wobuchopho)
• 1958: U-Ian Donald wenza i-ultrasound yokukhulelwa
• Ngowe-1976: Ii-analog scan converters zivumela imifanekiso engwevu
• 1983: I-Color Doppler yaziswa nguNamekawa noKasai
• 2012: I-FDA ivumile izixhobo zokuqala ezilingana nepokotho

Iindlela zonyango

1. Imo ye-B
   Umfanekiso ocacileyo we-grayscale onesisombululo sendawo esisezantsi ukuya kwi-0.1mm
2. Iindlela zeDoppler

• I-Color Doppler: Imephu yeVelocity (umda weNyquist yi-0.5-2m/s)
• I-Power Doppler: I-3-5x ivakalelwa ngakumbi xa ukuhamba kancinci
• I-Spectral Doppler: Ibala ubunzima be-stenosis (ii-PSV ratios >2 zibonisa >50% i-carotid stenosis)

3. Iindlela Eziphambili

• I-Elastography (Ukuqina kwesibindi >7.1kPa kubonisa i-F2 fibrosis)
• I-ultrasound ephuculweyo (ii-SonoVue microbubbles)
• Umfanekiso we-3D/4D (iVoluson E10 ifikelela kwisisombululo se-voxel esingu-0.3mm)

Izicelo Ezivelayo

• I-Ultrasound egxile kwi-Focused (FUS)
  • Ukususwa kobushushu (85% ukusinda iminyaka emi-3 kwi-essential tremor)
  • Ukuvulwa komqobo wegazi-ubuchopho kunyango lwe-Alzheimer's
• I-Ultrasound yePosi yoKhathalelo (i-POCUS)
  • Uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo (98% uvakalelo lwe-hemoperitoneum)
  • Ii-B-lines ze-ultrasound ze-Lung (ukuchaneka kwe-93% kwi-pulmonary edema)

Imida yoBuchule

1. Itekhnoloji yeCMUT
   Iitransducers ze-ultrasonic ezine-capacitive micromachined zivumela i-bandwidth ebanzi kakhulu (3-18MHz) nge-bandwidth ye-fractional engama-40%.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI

• I-Samsung S-Shearwave ibonelela ngemilinganiselo ye-elastography ekhokelwa yi-AI
• Ubalo lwe-EF oluzenzekelayo lubonisa unxibelelwano lwe-0.92 kunye ne-MRI yentliziyo

3. Uguquko olubanjwe ngesandla
   I-Butterfly iQ+ isebenzisa izinto ze-MEMS ezingama-9000 kuyilo lwe-single-chip, enobunzima obuyi-205g kuphela.
4. Izicelo zonyango
   I-Histotripsy ayisusi iithumba ngokungekho nzulu nge-acoustic cavitation (izilingo zeklinikhi zomhlaza wesibindi).

Imingeni yoBugcisa

• Ukulungiswa kwesigaba sokuphazamiseka kwezigulane ezityebileyo
• Ubunzulu obuncinci bokungena (15cm kwi-3MHz)
• Ii-algorithms zokunciphisa ingxolo ye-Speckle
• Imiqobo yokulawula kwiinkqubo zokuxilonga ezisekelwe kwi-AI

Imakethi ye-ultrasound yehlabathi ($8.5B ngo-2023) ihlengahlengiswa ziinkqubo eziphathwayo, ngoku ezithatha i-35% yentengiso. Ngeteknoloji ezintsha ezifana ne-super-resolution imaging (ukubona imithambo ye-50μm) kunye neendlela zokubonisa i-neural, i-ultrasound iyaqhubeka nokuchaza kwakhona imida yokuxilongwa okungenalo uhlaselo.